The cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides 3D volumetric imaging of a target with low radiation dose and cost compared with conventional computed tomography, and it is widely used in the detection of paranasal sinus disease. However, it lacks the sensitivity to detect soft tissue lesions owing to reconstruction constraints. Consequently, only physicians with expertise in CBCT reading can distinguish between inherent artifacts or noise and diseases, restricting the use of this imaging modality. The development of artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided diagnosis methods for CBCT to overcome the shortage of experienced physicians has attracted substantial attention. However, advanced AI-based diagnosis addressing intrinsic noise in CBCT has not been devised, discouraging the practical use of AI solutions for CBCT. To address this issue, we propose an AI-based computer-aided diagnosis method using CBCT with a denoising module. This module is implemented before diagnosis to reconstruct the internal ground-truth full-dose scan corresponding to an input CBCT image and thereby improve the diagnostic performance. The external validation results for the unified diagnosis of sinus fungal ball, chronic rhinosinusitis, and normal cases show that the proposed method improves the micro-, macro-average AUC, and accuracy by 7.4, 5.6, and 9.6% (from 86.2, 87.0, and 73.4 to 93.6, 92.6, and 83.0%), respectively, compared with a baseline while improving human diagnosis accuracy by 11% (from 71.7 to 83.0%), demonstrating technical differentiation and clinical effectiveness. This pioneering study on AI-based diagnosis using CBCT indicates denoising can improve diagnostic performance and reader interpretability in images from the sinonasal area, thereby providing a new approach and direction to radiographic image reconstruction regarding the development of AI-based diagnostic solutions.

Accurately extracting driving events is the way to maximize computational efficiency and anomaly detection performance in the tire frictional nose-based anomaly detection task. This study proposes a concise and highly useful method for improving the precision of the event extraction that is hindered by extra noise such as wind noise, which is difficult to characterize clearly due to its randomness. The core of the proposed method is based on the identification of the road friction sound corresponding to the frequency of interest and removing the opposite characteristics with several frequency filters. Our method enables precision maximization of driving event extraction while improving anomaly detection performance by an average of 8.506%. Therefore, we conclude our method is a practical solution suitable for road surface anomaly detection purposes in outdoor edge computing environments.

大脑磁共振成像（MRI）扫描的自动分割和体积对于诊断帕金森氏病（PD）和帕金森氏症综合症（P-Plus）至关重要。为了提高诊断性能，我们在大脑分割中采用了深度学习（DL）模型，并将其性能与金标准的非DL方法进行了比较。我们收集了健康对照组（n = 105）和PD患者（n = 105），多个全身性萎缩（n = 132）和渐进性超核麻痹（n = 69）的大脑MRI扫描。 2020.使用金标准的非DL模型FreeSurfer（FS），我们对六个脑结构进行了分割：中脑，PON，CAUDATE，CAUDATE，PUTATATE，pALLIDUM和THIRD CNTRICLE，并将其视为DL模型的注释数据，代表性V -net和unet。计算了分化正常，PD和P-Plus病例的曲线下的骰子分数和面积。每位患者六个大脑结构的V-NET和UNETR的分割时间分别为3.48 +-0.17和48.14 +-0.97 s，比FS（15,735 +-1.07 s）快至少300倍。两种DL模型的骰子得分都足够高（> 0.85），它们的疾病分类AUC优于FS。为了分类正常与P-Plus和PD与多个全身性萎缩（小脑型）的分类，DL模型和FS显示出高于0.8的AUC。 DL显着减少了分析时间，而不会损害大脑分割和差异诊断的性能。我们的发现可能有助于在临床环境中采用DL脑MRI分割并提高大脑研究。

基于生成对抗网络（GAN-IT）的图像翻译是在胸部X射线图像（AL-CXR）中精确定位异常区域的一种有前途的方法。但是，异质的未配对数据集破坏了现有的方法来提取关键特征并将正常与异常情况区分开，从而导致不准确和不稳定的Al-CXR。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了涉及注册和数据增强的两阶段gan-it的改进。对于第一阶段，我们引入了一种可逆的基于学习的注册技术，该技术实际上和合理地将未配对的数据转换为配对数据以进行学习注册图。这种新颖的方法可实现高注册性能。在第二阶段，我们将数据扩展应用于均匀注册框架上的左右肺区域来多样化异常位置，从而通过减轻显示左和右肺病变的数据分布的不平衡来进一步改善性能。我们的方法旨在应用于现有的GAN-IT模型，从而使现有的体系结构受益于翻译的关键功能。通过证明应用AL-CXR的性能在应用提出的方法时均匀提高，我们认为即使学习数据稀缺，也可以在临床环境中部署Al-CXR的GAN-IT。

外围插入的中央导管（PICC）由于其长期的血管内渗透感具有低感染率，因此已被广泛用作代表性的中央静脉线（CVC）之一。但是，PICC的尖端错位频率很高，增加了刺穿，栓塞和心律不齐等并发症的风险。为了自动，精确地检测到它，使用最新的深度学习（DL）技术进行了各种尝试。但是，即使采用了这些方法，实际上仍然很难确定尖端位置，因为多个片段现象（MFP）发生在预测和提取PICC线之前预测尖端之前所需的PICC线的过程。这项研究旨在开发一种通常应用于现有模型的系统，并通过删除模型输出的MF来更准确地恢复PICC线路，从而精确地定位了检测其处置的实际尖端位置。为此，我们提出了一个基于多阶段DL的框架后处理，以后处理现有技术的PICC线提取结果。根据是否将MFCN应用于五个常规模型，将每个均方根误差（RMSE）和MFP发病率比较性能。在内部验证中，当将MFCN应用于现有单个模型时，MFP平均提高了45％。 RMSE从平均26.85mm（17.16至35.80mm）到9.72mm（9.37至10.98mm）的平均增长了63％以上。在外部验证中，当应用MFCN时，MFP的发病率平均下降32％，RMSE平均下降了65 \％。因此，通过应用提出的MFCN，我们观察到与现有模型相比，PICC尖端位置的显着/一致检测性能提高。

路面上的外来物质，如雨水或黑冰，减少轮胎和表面之间的摩擦。以上情况将降低制动性能，并难以控制车身姿势。在这种情况下，至少有可能损坏的可能性。在最坏的情况下，将发生个人损坏。为了避免这个问题，基于车辆驱动噪声提出了一种道路异常检测模型。然而，事先提案不考虑额外的噪音，与驾驶噪声混合，并跳过没有车辆驾驶的时刻的计算。本文提出了一种简单的驾驶事件提取方法和降噪方法，用于提高计算效率和异常检测性能。

我们使用2-wasserstein空间的几何特性在一组概率度量之间发展了一个投影概念。它是为一般的多元概率度量而设计的，在计算上有效地实施，并在常规设置中提供了独特的解决方案。这个想法是使用广义的大地测量学处理瓦斯汀空间的常规切线锥。它的结构和计算属性使该方法适用于各种设置，从因果推断到对象数据的分析。估计因果效应的应用将合成控制的概念概括为具有个体级异质性的多元数据，以及一种在所有时间段内共同估算最佳权重的方法。

In robotics and computer vision communities, extensive studies have been widely conducted regarding surveillance tasks, including human detection, tracking, and motion recognition with a camera. Additionally, deep learning algorithms are widely utilized in the aforementioned tasks as in other computer vision tasks. Existing public datasets are insufficient to develop learning-based methods that handle various surveillance for outdoor and extreme situations such as harsh weather and low illuminance conditions. Therefore, we introduce a new large-scale outdoor surveillance dataset named eXtremely large-scale Multi-modAl Sensor dataset (X-MAS) containing more than 500,000 image pairs and the first-person view data annotated by well-trained annotators. Moreover, a single pair contains multi-modal data (e.g. an IR image, an RGB image, a thermal image, a depth image, and a LiDAR scan). This is the first large-scale first-person view outdoor multi-modal dataset focusing on surveillance tasks to the best of our knowledge. We present an overview of the proposed dataset with statistics and present methods of exploiting our dataset with deep learning-based algorithms. The latest information on the dataset and our study are available at https://github.com/lge-robot-navi, and the dataset will be available for download through a server.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Thanks to the development of 2D keypoint detectors, monocular 3D human pose estimation (HPE) via 2D-to-3D uplifting approaches have achieved remarkable improvements. Still, monocular 3D HPE is a challenging problem due to the inherent depth ambiguities and occlusions. To handle this problem, many previous works exploit temporal information to mitigate such difficulties. However, there are many real-world applications where frame sequences are not accessible. This paper focuses on reconstructing a 3D pose from a single 2D keypoint detection. Rather than exploiting temporal information, we alleviate the depth ambiguity by generating multiple 3D pose candidates which can be mapped to an identical 2D keypoint. We build a novel diffusion-based framework to effectively sample diverse 3D poses from an off-the-shelf 2D detector. By considering the correlation between human joints by replacing the conventional denoising U-Net with graph convolutional network, our approach accomplishes further performance improvements. We evaluate our method on the widely adopted Human3.6M and HumanEva-I datasets. Comprehensive experiments are conducted to prove the efficacy of the proposed method, and they confirm that our model outperforms state-of-the-art multi-hypothesis 3D HPE methods.